touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology Volume 22, Issue 2, 2026

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, which features a diverse selection of editorials, reviews and original research articles exploring current developments in endocrine and metabolic care, from evolving diagnostic approaches to advances in treatment and the challenges of translating evidence into clinical practice. We begin with an editorial from Matos and colleagues, […]

Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent cause for medical referrals to endocrinology departments. Markedly elevated prolactin levels are generally indicative of macroprolactinomas, whereas mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia may arise from physiological factors (such as exercise, sleep or stress), pharmacological agents, metabolic disturbances, untreated primary hypothyroidism, as well as hypothalamic–pituitary disorders, including microprolactinomas or pituitary stalk compression due to […]

Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in the USA, with incidence exceeding that of type 1 diabetes among 15–19-year-old adolescents and prevalence projected to increase by 673% by 2060.1,2 This growth is particularly worrisome due to the severity of youth-onset type 2 diabetes, which is more aggressive than adult-onset type 2 diabetes and carries […]

In response to the increasing prevalence of obesity, the consumption of high-calorie and high-sugar foods and an unprecedented aging population, type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise globally. The International Diabetes Federation reported that 589 million individuals aged 20 to 79 years had been diagnosed with diabetes by the end of 2024.1 The world prevalence of diabetes […]

Peripheral neuropathy is a common and clinically heterogeneous condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nervous system, affecting sensory, motor and autonomic fibers.1 Its diagnostic complexity stems from a broad spectrum of etiologies, including metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, toxic, neoplastic and endocrine disorders.1,2 Among endocrine conditions, diabetes mellitus is the most extensively studied and recognized cause of peripheral […]

Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a term coined to highlight the close associations among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, renal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to enhance an integrated clinical care model for patients. The novel framework proposed by the American Heart Association (AHA) is a paradigm shift in the management of multimorbidity in […]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive metabolic condition associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease and substantial morbidity and mortality.1 Despite the availability of multiple glucose-lowering therapies, a significant proportion of individuals with T2D fail to achieve recommended glycemic targets, particularly those with long disease duration, obesity and insulin resistance.2,3 In parallel, excess adiposity remains a major driver of […]

Diabetes mellitus, a multifactorial, chronic and progressive metabolic disorder primarily caused by elevated blood glucose levels, is a growing global health epidemic and a leading cause of adult mortality.1,2 By 2030, global diabetes prevalence is estimated to rise to 7,079 per 100,000 individuals, and by 2040, to 8,862.3,4 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by […]