touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology Volume 21, Issue 2, 2025

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, which features a diverse selection of editorials, reviews and original research articles that highlight both the progress and the ongoing challenges in translating pathophysiological insight into patient-centred care. We begin with an editorial from Marcio José Concepción-Zavaleta and colleagues, who explore the limitations of conventional metabolic […]

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) construct, while valuable for middle-aged populations, shows critical limitations when applied to older adults. Traditional criteria emphasizing waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids and glucose fail to capture the complex interplay between ageing physiology and metabolic dysfunction.1,2 This oversight becomes clinically significant when considering that up to 30–40% of older adults with normal body […]

Approximately 20–34% of hospitalized patients have a diagnosis of diabetes, while many others experience stress hyperglycaemia, both increasing the occurrence of dysglycaemia in the hospital.1 Hyperglycaemia is associated with increased infection rates and higher mortality rates. Conversely, hypoglycaemia can lead to adverse neurological outcomes, prolonged hospital stays, as well as increased mortality.1 In spite of current guidelines […]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multisystemic condition characterized by reproductive, metabolic and dermatologic manifestations, including hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Despite its prevalence and significant impact on quality of life, PCOS remains underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to its heterogeneous presentation and the lack of a unified approach to care. PCOS affects approximately 6–20% […]

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease has historically been challenging to manage, recent therapeutic innovations are reshaping treatment paradigms and offering new […]

Gestational diabetes (GD) is a heterogeneous disorder that arises when pancreatic insulin secretion fails to compensate for the insulin resistance of pregnancy. A disbalance in either component, insufficient secretion or excessive resistance, can lead to GD and reflects its variable pathophysiological spectrum.1 Additionally, hyperglycaemia in pregnancy could be because of pre-existing type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes […]

Fatty liver is the largest liver disease globally and has become a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affects about one-third of the adult population worldwide, with its prevalence rising from 21.9% in 1991 to 37.3% in 2019.1,2 The highest prevalence rates have been observed in the Middle […]

The growing convergence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and dementia represents a pressing public health challenge in ageing populations worldwide.1 Robust epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have consistently shown that T2D is associated with accelerated cognitive decline.1,2 Beyond statistical correlation, a bidirectional relationship between T2D and Alzheimer’s disease has been proposed, as both conditions share overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms, […]