Insulin resistance (IR), a hallmark of various metabolic disorders, represents a diminished responsiveness of target tissues to the actions of insulin, resulting in impaired glucose uptake, dyslipidaemia and endothelial dysfunction.1,2 Worldwide, the prevalence of IR among adults ranges from 15.5% to 46.5%.3–5 ...

Highlights Autoantibodies refine autoimmune thyroid disorder diagnosis and risk. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody predicts relapse, severity and foetal impact. Thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody linked to fertility outcomes. Novel antibodies expand thyroid autoimmunity scope. The interplay between immunology and ...

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, which features a diverse selection of editorials, reviews and original research articles that highlight both the progress and the ongoing challenges in translating pathophysiological insight into patient-centred care. We begin with ...

The growing convergence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and dementia represents a pressing public health challenge in ageing populations worldwide.1 Robust epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have consistently shown that T2D is associated with accelerated cognitive decline.1,2 Beyond statistical ...

Gestational diabetes (GD) is a heterogeneous disorder that arises when pancreatic insulin secretion fails to compensate for the insulin resistance of pregnancy. A disbalance in either component, insufficient secretion or excessive resistance, can lead to GD and reflects its variable ...

Fatty liver is the largest liver disease globally and has become a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affects about one-third of the adult population ...

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) construct, while valuable for middle-aged populations, shows critical limitations when applied to older adults. Traditional criteria emphasizing waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids and glucose fail to capture the complex interplay between ageing physiology and metabolic dysfunction.1,2 ...

Approximately 20–34% of hospitalized patients have a diagnosis of diabetes, while many others experience stress hyperglycaemia, both increasing the occurrence of dysglycaemia in the hospital.1 Hyperglycaemia is associated with increased infection rates and higher mortality rates. Conversely, hypoglycaemia can lead to ...

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease ...