touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology Volume 22, Issue 1, 2026

Welcome to the summer 2026 issue of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. In this issue, we bring together articles that reflect the evolving complexity of endocrine and metabolic disease, while highlighting the growing importance of patient-centred care, translational science and interdisciplinary management. We open the issue with a timely commentary by Huajing Ni et al., which examines […]

The past century has witnessed substantial evolution in the assessment and management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), paralleling advances in our understanding of the condition and in innovation in technology. Since the ground-breaking discovery of insulin in the 1920s, T1D has been transformed from a fatal disease to a manageable chronic condition. The introduction of […]

The global prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has increased over the past three decades and is estimated to be 30% as of 2022.1 As an indication of disease burden, MASLD-related liver transplantation has already surpassed many other aetiologies as a leading indication of transplant waitlisting in the West.2 Metabolic dysfunction underlies the pathogenesis of […]

The significance of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming increasingly recognized as a major contributor to disability, hospital admissions and mortality. In CKD, bone fragility is worsened by the complex interactions of metabolic bone disorders, uraemic toxins, systemic inflammation, sarcopenia and changes in the bone–vascular axis.1,2 Recent studies indicate that in […]

Pathophysiology of X-linked hypophosphataemia X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a progressive skeletal disorder, originally defined by Albright in 1937 as hypophosphataemic vitamin D rickets.1 XLH is the commonest form of inherited rickets/osteomalacia and is an X-linked dominant condition.2 The most common mutation is a loss-of-function mutation in PHEX (phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homologue X-linked), a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to […]

Glucagon–like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and GLP-1RA-based therapies are currently considered to be one of the most attractive classes of medications for managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) because of their impressive weight loss properties, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction, beneficial impact on blood pressure, lipids, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, renal outcomes, cardiovascular protection and reduction in heart […]

Urinary lithogenesis processes are activated in patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is a relatively unfamiliar topic among endocrinologists. Beyond the epidemiological evidence accumulated over the recent years, the purpose of this paper is to dive into compelling pathophysiological arguments that connect these different conditions. The pathophysiological links between […]

Highlights Autoantibodies refine autoimmune thyroid disorder diagnosis and risk. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody predicts relapse, severity and foetal impact. Thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody linked to fertility outcomes. Novel antibodies expand thyroid autoimmunity scope. The interplay between immunology and endocrinology is vividly exemplified in autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs), where immune dysregulation targets the thyroid gland through both cellular and humoral mechanisms. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis […]

Insulin resistance (IR), a hallmark of various metabolic disorders, represents a diminished responsiveness of target tissues to the actions of insulin, resulting in impaired glucose uptake, dyslipidaemia and endothelial dysfunction.1,2 Worldwide, the prevalence of IR among adults ranges from 15.5% to 46.5%.3–5 The aetiology of IR is multi-factorial, involving a complex interplay of multiple factors. Broadly, genetic predisposition, […]