Endocrine Oncology

Thyroid nodules are common worldwide, and their prevalence is increasing. Most nodules are asymptomatic and detected incidentally on cross-sectional imaging or physical examination. In rare cases (10–15%), nodules are malignant and require diagnostic evaluation. Even malignant nodules frequently show non-aggressive behaviour.1 The increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer is unfairly distributed globally, and the […]

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma originating from the germinal center, characterized by dysregulation of the MYC gene, often resulting from the translocation of chromosome 8 into 14. It is extremely aggressive, representing the fastest proliferating cancer, and typically involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and the central nervous system.1,2 Three identifiable subtypes include sporadic, endemic, […]

Pituitary tumours (PTs) are located in the sella turcica, which surrounds the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. PTs range from asymptomatic incidentalomas to symptomatic aggressive neoplasms, such as invasive neoplasms or pituitary carcinomas.1 Symptomatic lesions can be characterized either by hormonal overproduction or by dysregulation of hormone secretion, and in invasive lesions by tissue destruction and intracranial mass […]

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most commonly diagnosed urological neoplasm worldwide.1 Approximately 10–15% of patients already have metastases in lymph nodes, lungs, liver and bones at diagnosis.2,3 Metastatic BC has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of 10% and median OS of only 15 months.4–6 The vast majority (>90%) of BCs are urothelial […]

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited tumour endocrine syndrome, with the parathyroid glands, anterior pituitary gland and pancreas as the main sites of MEN1-related neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). MEN1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with 90% of individuals diagnosed with this disease having an affected parent, while only 10% have a de […]