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It is with great pleasure that we present this latest issue of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, which brings together a diverse array of high-quality articles focused on the evolving landscape of endocrine disorders. The importance of patient-centred care is exemplified in the commentary by Bharti Kalra et al., which discusses the international guidelines for polycystic ovary […]

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The AACE 2022 Guideline: An Academic Appraisal

Saptarshi Bhattacharya, Sanjay Kalra
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Published Online: Apr 6th 2023 touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2023;19(1):2-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2023.19.1.2
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Abstract

Overview

The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) 2022 guideline provides comprehensive and evidence-based guidance on contemporary diabetes management. The statement reiterates the importance of person-centred, team-based care for optimum outcomes. The recent strides to prevent cardiovascular and renal complications have been aptly incorporated. The recommendations on virtual care, continuous glucose monitors, cancer screening, infertility and mental health are relevant. However, focused discussions on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and geriatric diabetes care could have been helpful. Outlining targets for prediabetes care is a notable addition and is likely to be the most effective strategy in addressing the rising burden of diabetes.

Keywords

Diabetes, diabetes complications, person-centred care, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes

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Article

The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) recently released a comprehensive and updated guideline on the prevention and management of diabetes.1 The guideline is aimed at assisting healthcare professionals in delivering person-centred optimal care at different phases of diabetes. The statement comprises 170 evidence-based recommendations divided into four sections.

Noteworthy additions

There are several new and noteworthy updates in the AACE 2022 guideline. An elaborate section on inpatient hyperglycaemia, where issues related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been discussed, is a valuable inclusion. The importance of age-appropriate vaccination, including the COVID-19 vaccine, in people with diabetes has been rightly emphasized. Delivery of telehealth and virtual care platforms has been reviewed, conforming to the changing trends. Continuous glucose monitoring is another technological advancement finding widespread application in current diabetes management. The guideline aptly recognizes the need for incorporating information and insights from continuous glucose monitoring, especially for patients on insulin.

Specific recommendations on approaches to male and female infertility, posttransplant and secondary diabetes are relevant. The guideline also underlines the close link between cancer and diabetes, and highlights the requirement for necessary screening strategies. The task force has rightfully focused on the impact of quality of life, sleep, depression and social determinants of health on outcomes. However, attention to certain aspects will enhance the global reach of the document.

Screening, diagnosis and monitoring

The first section of the guideline addresses screening, diagnosis, glycaemic targets and monitoring. An effective screening policy is critical to tackling the global burden of diabetes and associated complications. The AACE guideline recommends periodic screening for diabetes after the age of 35 years.1 Given the significant racial differences in predisposition to diabetes, Asian, Hispanic and African individuals should be screened at a younger age.2 Specific age cut-offs for screening in high-risk ethnic groups could be a cost-effective strategy.3

The task force recommends screening all pregnant women during the first prenatal visit to identify undiagnosed diabetes. In the process, a significant proportion of women is found to have moderate hyperglycaemia, which falls short of the levels needed for diagnosing overt diabetes, but fulfils the conventional criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This common condition, often labelled as early GDM, lacks a defined treatment strategy.4 The AACE 2022 guideline remains silent on diagnosing and treating early GDM. The American Diabetes Association (ADA2022 statement, however, does recognize the condition and acknowledges the uncertainty around its diagnosis and management.5

Comorbidities and complications

The next section of the AACE guideline focuses on personalized management of comorbidities, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and complications of diabetes. Both the AACE 2022 and ADA 2023 guidelines recommend blood pressure targets <130/80 mmHg for patients with hypertension and diabetes. The AACE guideline further suggests that a lower blood pressure target of <120/70 mmHg can be considered in those at high-risk of cardiovascular disease. The recommendation is based on the findings of the Systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT), a study that excluded patients with diabetes.6 On the other hand, the trial involving participants with diabetes only, Action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes blood pressure (ACCORD BP)did not confirm the benefits of a lower target.7 The risks versus benefits of aggressive blood pressure lowering to <120/70 mmHg, as suggested in the AACE guideline, have to be balanced, and a more conventional target of <130/80 mmHg may be prudent until we have evidence to justify the lower target.

The guideline also advocates using fibrates if triglycerides levels are <200 mg/dL and lipids are not on target after maximum tolerated statin, to achieve aapolipoprotein-B target of <90 mg/dLAlthough there is evidence for the use of apolipoprotein-B as a marker of residual cardiovascular risk, its routine use as a monitoring tool can be challenging in resource-limited settings.8,9 The common complications of diabetes have been addressed in the guideline; however, a dedicated discussion on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease could have been helpful.

Management of prediabetes and diabetes

The third section comprehensively discusses management of prediabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, GDM and inhospital hyperglycaemia. Outlining the targets for prediabetes management is a novel addition. The discussion on the role of obesity medicines in prediabetes is appropriate. The task force has preferred the term adiposity-based chronic disease in place of obesity in the statement, as this term reinforces obesity as a chronic condition that requires specialized management, alludes to the pathophysiology and also lessens the associated stigma attached to the term.10 On the same lines, a discussion on the importance of communication in diabetes could have been considered.

The recommendations on in-hospital management of hyperglycaemia are relevant. Glucocorticoid use and infection are the two major reasons behind worsening of glycaemic control in hospital settings, and might have warranted a focused discussion.

Additional aspects of diabetes

The final section discusses several important aspects such as education, infertility, sleep, mental health, virtual health, occupational safety, nutritional supplements and vaccination. Male hypogonadism is a common but often overlooked complication of diabetes, and it is appropriately discussed in the guidelinesThe importance of depression and diabetes distress has been highlighted, and the need for routinely evaluating mental health in people with diabetes has been emphasized.

A discussion on the nonpharmacological components of a care plan for children and adolescents is appreciated. There is also scope for a segment on pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of diabetes in geriatric patients. Also, considering the rapid rise in global numbers of people with diabetes, incorporating positive aspects of non-conventional therapies, such as yoga, mindfulness, meditation and integrative medicine, will be a welcome step to cope with the challenge of the diabetes pandemic.1114

Conclusion

The AACE guideline is a well-written, comprehensive, evidence-based opinion piece about the prevention and management of diabetes. While we understand the document is predominantly targeted at a US audience, a few additions will increase its global relevance. This will bring uniformity to the care of diabetes worldwide. A discussion on newer drugs, some of which are not available in the USA, and non-pharmacological measures commonly practiced in many parts of the world will make the document more inclusive. Few areas of medicine require as much individualization, person-centred approaches and self-engagement as diabetes. The AACE 2022 guideline successfully incorporates the dynamicity of diabetes management in its recommendations. It is heartening to see the evolution of the document over time, from a scientific and humane perspective.

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References

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 Aggarwal RBibbins-Domingo KYeh RWet alDiabetes screening by race and ethnicity in the United States: Equivalent body mass index and age thresholdsAnn Intern Med2022;175:76573DOI10.7326/M20-8079

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 Kaur GChauhan ASPrinja Set alCost-effectiveness of population-based screening for diabetes and hypertension in India: An economic modelling studyLancet Public Health2022;7:e6573DOI10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00199-7

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 Bhattacharya SNagendra LKrishnamurthy Aet alEarly gestational diabetes mellitus: Diagnostic strategies and clinical implicationsMed Sci (Basel)2021;9:59DOI10.3390/medsci9040059

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 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2022Diabetes Care2022;45:S1738DOI10.2337/dc22-S002

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 SPRINT Research GroupWright JT JrWilliamson JDet alA randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure controlN Engl J Med2015;373:210316DOI10.1056/NEJMoa1511939

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 ACCORD Study GroupCushman WCEvans GWet alEffects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitusN Engl J Med2010;362:157585DOI10.1056/NEJMoa1001286

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 Johannesen CDLMortensen MBLangsted ANordestgaard BGApolipoprotein B and non-HDL cholesterol better reflect residual risk than LDL cholesterol in statin-treated patientsJ Am Coll Cardiol2021;77:143950DOI10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.027

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 Khan SUKhan MUValavoor Set alAssociation of lowering apolipoprotein B with cardiovascular outcomes across various lipid-lowering therapies: Systematic review and meta-analysis of trialsEur J Prev Cardiol2020;27:125568DOI10.1177/2047487319871733

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 Mechanick JIHurley DLGarvey WTAdiposity-based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statementEndocr Pract2017;23:3728DOI10.4158/EP161688.PS

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 Dutta DBhattacharya SSharma Met alEffect of yoga on glycemia and lipid parameters in type-2 diabetes: A meta-analysisJ Diabetes Metab Disord2021;20:34967DOI10.1007/s40200-021-00751-0

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 Izgu NGok Metin ZKaradas Cet alProgressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation on neuropathic pain, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trialJ Nurs Scholarsh2020;52:47687DOI10.1111/jnu.12580

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 Weng XLiao SWang Fet alEvaluation of mindfulness training combined with aerobic exercise on neurological function and quality of life in patients with peripheral neuropathy type 2 diabetes mellitusContrast Media Mol Imaging2022;2022:7665483DOI10.1155/2022/7665483

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 Redmer JLongmier EWedel PTargeting diabetes: The benefits of an integrative approachJ Fam Pract2013;62:33744.

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Article Information

Disclosure

Saptarshi Bhattacharya and Sanjay Kalra have no financial or non-financial relationships or activities to declare in relation to this article.

Compliance With Ethics

This article is an opinion piece and does not report on new clinical data, or any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Review Process

Double-blind peer review.

Authorship

The named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship of this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval for the version to be published.

Correspondence

Dr Sanjay Kalra, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India. E: brideknl@gmail.com

Support

No funding was received in the publication of this article.

Access

This article is freely accessible at touchENDOCRINOLOGY.com. © Touch Medical Media 2023

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the writing of this article.

Received

2023-01-30

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