US ENDOCRINOLOGY – VOLUME 9 ISSUE 2 – WINTER 2013

Obesity continues to pose a substantial health and economic burden in both the developing and developed world. In the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 36 % of adults are obese, with non-Hispanic blacks having the highest ageadjusted rates (~50 %). An even bigger concern is the rates of obesity in children […]

The hippocampus plays an important role in human learning and memory and is known to be vulnerable to the effects of stress and disease.1 Within animal models of type 1 diabetes,2 significant hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia exposure has been shown to cause complex molecular and structural changes in the hippocampus.2,3 Within humans with type 1 diabetes, […]

Globally, type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to rise from 366 million in 2012 to 552 million in 2030.1 In 2012, type 2 diabetes imposed direct and indirect costs of […]

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes is extremely high.

Obesity has become an increasingly important health problem. According to estimations of the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has more than doubled between 1980 and 2008. In 2008, 10 % of men and 14 % of women in the world were obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2), compared with 5 % […]

The emergence of new formulations of insulin and injectable medications has made insulin therapy safer and more effective. Evolution has stimulated innovations in insulin delivery systems that, in turn, may positively affect patient comfort and adherence to insulin therapy. This article will review the progress made in understanding skin and subcutaneous (SC) fat thickness at […]

The preponderance of scientific evidence1–3 suggests that monitoring and control of blood glucose prevents vascular complications of diabetes and, consequently, long-term medical costs associated with diabetes.4–6 While this effect is widely believed to apply to long-term rather than nearterm costs, Sokol and colleagues reported that better medication adherence in diabetes may result in an annual […]

Automated Bolus Calculators Insulin dosing algorithms have been used for years by healthcare providers to improve glucose control in patients with diabetes. With the development of insulin pumps and their increased use in the early 1980s, and with the publication of the results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) in the early 1990s […]

The total number of people with diabetes worldwide is projected to double by 2030.1,2 Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, these fgures probably underestimate the future prevalence of diabetes.

Obesity has traditionally been defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or more. However, BMI has limitations, and obesity is now defined by a number of factors, including waist circumference.1 The growing prevalence of obesity is a global health concern.

The global obesity pandemic has been well documented and affects both high- and low-income countries.1 In the US, two-thirds of adults are classified as either overweight or obese.2,3 In tandem with the high prevalence of obesity is a change in the prevalence of obesity among reproductive-aged women. Therefore, obesity-related morbid conditions such as chronic hypertension […]

As a result of advanced medication regimens, particularly protease inhibitors (PIs), the life expectancy of HIV-infected adults has risen considerably.

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) causes low growth velocity in childhood, and if left untreated, severe short stature in adulthood. It is diagnosed by examining auxological data, thorough clinical examination and provocative testing. Patients with congenital GHD may have other pituitary hormone abnormalities and abnormal pituitary anatomy.

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem and with the growing use of diagnostic imaging, the number of thyroid nodules identified and undergoing further diagnostic evaluation by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is steadily growing. Only 5 % of all thyroid nodules harbour malignancy and thyroid cancer constitutes only 1 % of all epithelial malignancies worldwide […]

In healthy subjects, cortisol, an endogenous glucocorticoid (GC), is secreted by the adrenal gland in a pulsatile and circadian fashion, with a peak release in the morning at wakening and a nadir at midnight.1 It has been demonstrated that loss of cortisol rhythmicity is associated with fatigue, depression, and metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance.2,3 In […]

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by hypercalcemia with a constantly elevated or inappropriately high plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH).