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Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease has historically been challenging to manage, recent therapeutic innovations are reshaping treatment paradigms and offering new […]

US ENDOCRINOLOGY VOLUME 12 ISSUE 2 – WINTER 2016

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Foreword

Welcome to the latest edition of US Endocrinology, which includes a wide range of topical articles covering several areas of endocrinology, as well as being relevant to the broader biomedical community. We begin with three editorials on the increasingly important subject of diabetes. Hamdy poses the engaging question: can type 2 diabetes be reversed? A […]

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Editorials

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In September 2016, the latest American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE)/American College of Endocrinology (ACE) Guidelines for postmenopausal osteoporosis were published. This contains very relevant information on the diagnosis, and long term management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Included in this version is a user-friendly algorithm which clearly outlines the approach to the choice of […]

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For decades, endocrinologists have been targeting blood glucose levels as their prime focus of type 2 diabetes management. They frequently start their patients on one oral medication and gradually escalate over time up to four or five medications, including insulin. Many of these medications paradoxically contribute to further weight gain, including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones and insulin.1 […]

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2016 has been a landmark year for diabetology. While the last decade has seen various pharmacological advances, 2016 stands out for consolidation of existing drugs. Not one, but two, glucose-lowering molecules demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular health this year. These drugs have also been able to show renal safety and benefit in diabetes. A tale […]

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It hardly seems possible that only 21 years ago, the most exciting concept in type 2 diabetes (T2D) was the contribution of peripheral insulin resistance to disease pathophysiology, and the most important new tool to address this defect was the biguanide, metformin. The dominant conceptualization of the underlying defects accounting for the hyperglycemia of T2D […]

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The year 2016 has been an exciting one in the world of thyroid disease, marking a new era for both research and clinical management. As a subspecialty, we are continuously re-evaluating not only our current treatment strategies, but also our classification of disease, right down to adjusting the nomenclature. All of this has occurred within […]

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Original Research

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Thyroid disease has commonly been associated with hair loss, predominantly manifesting as diffuse thinning of the scalp and the lateral eyebrows. This can be of particular concern to patients, and may motivate some to seek medical evaluation. Indeed, thyroid disease has also been linked to clinically significant types of alopecia, including alopecia areata (AA)1–3 and […]

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Reviews

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Growth/growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors Evidence has long supported insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as an important fetal growth factor. Begemann and co-workers from Germany and the Netherlands report four patients from a multigenerational family with the combination of severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, relative macrocephaly, and Russell–Silver syndrome-like features, found to be caused by a […]

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Monocarboxylate transporter 8 is an important thyroid hormone transporter Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the normal growth and development of many tissues, particularly the brain. TH is the common name for the prohormone thyroxine (3,3’,5,5’-tetraiodo-L-thyronine, T4), which is the predominant product secreted by the thyroid gland, and for the active hormone T3 (3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine), which […]

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Diabetes is a worldwide health problem, and its prevalence is expected to rise in the coming years, not only in adults, but also in youth. The first stage is characterized by insulin resistance accompanied by a compensatory increase in insulin secretion; this stage can last several years, and it is called prediabetes. Patients with both […]

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Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) carry a multidimensional and trans-generational impact.1 It poses a huge medical and public health burden on society today, which can be mitigated if appropriate proactive and preventive strategies are put in place. These include early screening and identification of women with GDM, provision of appropriate non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapy, […]

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Obesity has been declared a chronic disease by many organizations, with multiple complex drivers and adverse biological sequelae, commonly regarded as complications (see Figure 1).1,2 For most clinicians and the informed public, overweight and obesity are defined exclusively by a body mass index (BMI; weight [kg]/height [m]2) ≥25 and 30, respectively. However, there are many […]

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European Endocrinology Highlights

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The LEADER (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results – A Long Term Evaluation) trial recently reported the cardiovascular (CV) benefits achieved with liraglutide therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In a multinational, randomised, doubleblind trial involving 9340 participants, with a median follow-up of 3.8 years, various primary and secondary […]

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Despite the introduction of newer and faster acting insulin analogues along with advances in glucose monitoring and insulin delivery technology, the majority of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) fail to achieve target glycemic control. There still remains a high burden of long term endorgan complications of T1D. Consequently, researchers continue to search for treatment […]

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Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), sometimes referred to as mild hypothyroidism, is a cumbersome term used to describe the compensatory increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels to preserve normal thyroid hormone levels before they fall below normal, thus averting thyroid gland failure. An unresolved issue is whether SH merits treatment when diagnosed, or whether observation is acceptable […]

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US Endocrinology is a peer-reviewed, free-to-access, bi-annual journal comprising review articles, case reports, editorials, special reports and original research. It features balanced and comprehensive articles written by leading authorities, addressing the most important and salient developments in the field of endocrinology.

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