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Hypercalcaemia is a common clinical condition in hospitalized patients. Malignancies and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are the two most common causes of hypercalcaemia in hospitalized patients.1–3 Apparently, there is a changing profile of hypercalcaemia in India, especially in hospital settings, because ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial, multifaceted syndrome that affects women across all ages from adolescence to post-menopause. It is reported to be the most common endocrinopathy in women of the reproductive age group.1Â The nature of this syndrome ...
Thyroid nodules are common worldwide, and their prevalence is increasing. Most nodules are asymptomatic and detected incidentally on cross-sectional imaging or physical examination. In rare cases (10–15%), nodules are malignant and require diagnostic evaluation. Even malignant nodules frequently show non-aggressive behaviour.1 ...
Amyloid goiter (AG) is a benign condition characterized by the deposition of amorphous proteinaceous material in the thyroid gland to an extent that results in detectable enlargement during clinical evaluation.1–3 Amyloid can infiltrate the thyroid gland in 15–50% of individuals with ...
In the USA, neck ultrasound (US) identifies thyroid nodules (TNs) in 30–50% of adult patients.1,2 Given that the risk of malignancy (ROM) for all combined thyroid nodule types ranges from 5% to 15%,2,3 current guidelines recommend US of the neck initially, to identify ...
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine neoplasm with an incidence of 0.5–2.0% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).1 It was first described in 1904 by de Quevain, when it was found in a patient presenting with a non-functioning parathyroid mass.2 Around 26 ...
Hypothyroidism usually presents with subtle signs and symptoms. Rarely, longstanding juvenile hypothyroidism can manifest as a syndromic diagnosis of Van Wyk–Grumbach syndrome (VWGS).1 VWGS presents as early menarche, thelarche, galactorrhoea, delayed bone ageing and multi-cystic ovaries, along with long-standing ...
Thyrolipomatosis is a rare condition defined as a diffuse non-neoplastic infiltration of fatty tissue in the thyroid gland.1Â Although fatty infiltration is common in other glands (e.g. salivary glands, parathyroids, thymus and pancreas), it is rare in the thyroid ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome, considered the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 6–8% in premenopausal women.1,2 However, long-term sequelae are extended beyond the reproductive axis, being present from birth to senescence. ...
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is characterized by the impaired ability of the kidneys to absorb filtered bicarbonate or to excrete titrable acid in urine.1Â It manifests as normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis. RTA may be of four types: type 1 (...
Postmenopausal state is associated with changes in the hormonal milieu characterized by reduced oestrogen, increased gonadotrophins and a small increase in testosterone levels.1,2Â As a result, it is not uncommon for women in postmenopausal age group to show mild increases ...
Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous androgen-excess disorder that presents with different degrees of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions; it is also associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.1Â The global prevalence estimates of PCOS in women of reproductive age ...
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one the oldest infectious diseases known to man. Eradication of TB has proven to be a challenge, despite the monumental efforts of the World Health Organization (WHO).1 The emergence of ...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of Asia and Africa, which have a high burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malnutrition. It is epidemic in these regions being associated with ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal, lifestyle, and metabolic disorder, managed by a diverse team of doctors, such as endocrinologists, gynecologists, dermatologists, and internists, depending on the predominant clinical phenotype and the age of presentation of the individual.1Â ...
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to be a major cause of ill health and the most common cause of death attributed to a single microbial agent, across the world.1 However, an important limitation to the efforts of World ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is a heterogeneous androgen-excess disorder with different degrees of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions.1Â Thyroid disorders are also quite common and are among the most common endocrine ...
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