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Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1Â Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent comorbidities, related to hospitalization due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as a risk factor for disease severity, ...
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the efficacy of teprotumumab, a novel monoclonal antibody, in reducing proptosis for patients with long-duration thyroid eye disease (TED). While teprotumumab has shown promise in treating active TED, its effectiveness in chronic cases remained ...
Dry eye disease (DED) is known as dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. According to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society’s Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II), it constitutes a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface, ...
Hypercalcaemia is a common clinical condition in hospitalized patients. Malignancies and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are the two most common causes of hypercalcaemia in hospitalized patients.1–3 Apparently, there is a changing profile of hypercalcaemia in India, especially in hospital settings, because ...
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional, 766-amino acid, type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein, which participates in the regulation of metabolic functions, immune and inflammatory responses, cancer growth and cell adhesion.1Â It has two forms: the first is a membrane-bound form, which ...
Plan language summary Background The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an increased incidence of infection with Black fungus (Mucormycosis). However, the disease characteristics, chances of spread of infection and complications are not well known. Aim of the study We tried ...
The development of effective therapies for the management of cancer in childhood has led to outstanding improvements in survival over the past decades. With this, a growing population of childhood cancer survivors are subject to long-term sequelae impacting on health. ...
In the early 1970s, the discovery of statin by Dr Akira Endo changed the fate of cardiovascular disease prevention and the treatment of atherosclerosis. It was during this period that the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis was revealed, and the ...
Chylomicronaemia refers to the pathological presence of large, circulating, intestinally derived chylomicrons.1 Clinical features of chylomicronaemia syndrome include lipaemic plasma, lipaemia retinalis, eruptive xanthomas, hepatosplenomegaly, neurological symptoms such as mental fog and mood changes and, most importantly, increased risk of ...
Clinicians depend on accurate, precise and reproducible hormone measurements for the diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders. Immunoassays have constituted one of the major methods of measuring hormone levels in blood, urine and other fluids, as well as in tissue ...
In physiological conditions, the pituitary gland contributes to proper body functions and homeostasis. The assumed circadian rhythm of anterior pituitary hormones seems to be an important part of the hormonal balance. Cortisol release triggered by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) forms the ...
The clinical presentation of hypocalcemia varies based on the degree and chronicity of the derangement. Although many patients remain asymptomatic, mild symptoms of hypocalcemia include circumoral and extremity paresthesia, Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign; more severe derangements can ...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) consists of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is unclear which specific patients progress from NAFL to NASH and, ultimately, to cirrhosis. However, there is general consensus that, for those patients who ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an innate error in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroids, which triggers a wide range of consequences based on the level of the enzyme blockade. A deficiency in the enzyme 21-α-hydroxylase is the most frequent cause, ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome, considered the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 6–8% in premenopausal women.1,2 However, long-term sequelae are extended beyond the reproductive axis, being present from birth to senescence. ...
Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...
World Health Organization statistics rank tuberculosis (TB) amongst the top 10 communicable diseases in the world, and it remains one of the biggest killers of mankind.1Â TB is known to cause both mortality and morbidity. Pulmonary TB is the primary manifestation, ...
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