Cushing’s disease (CD) is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma, or rarely carcinoma, and is considered a highly morbid endocrine disorder with few medical options.1,2 Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) is the mainstay of treatment for ...

Obesity defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, is a chronic disease linked to metabolic co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, a reduced life expectancy, economic burden and reduced quality of ...

Cushing’s disease (CD), or pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, is almost always caused by corticotroph tumours, a type of pituitary neuroendocrine tumour, which overproduces adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), ultimately leading to hypercortisolism and its associated clinical consequences, including increased mortality.1 The ...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of fatty liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).1 NAFLD is associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome.2 ...

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare, benign, epithelial tumours of the sellar and parasellar regions arising as embryonic malformations along the pathway of the craniopharyngeal duct.1 They have an incidence of 0.13 per 100,000 per year to 0.5–2.0 per million per year and are classified ...

Pituitary adenomas are benign tumours that arise from the adenohypophysis. They are the second most frequent intracranial tumour type after meningiomas, and account for 16.2% of all primary cranial neoplasms.1 Though likely an underestimate, the incidence of pituitary adenomas is approximately ...

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine tumour deriving from the adrenal cortex. Its estimated incidence is one per million/year,1 with an increased incidence in the first and fourth to fifth decades of life and with a higher prevalence ...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, with an approximate prevalence of 6–10 %.1–3 Characterized by clinical features of hyperandrogenism (such as hirsutism) and/or biochemical androgen excess and ovulatory dysfunction, PCOS is additionally associated ...

There are three gonadotrophic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), produced by placental trophoblasts. Besides stimulating gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis, these hormones have stimulatory effects on the ...