Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance or distribution, characterized by serum sodium (Nas) levels less than 135 mmol/L.1 Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte disorder among elderly patients and is associated with increased mortality rates and longer hospital ...

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare, benign, epithelial tumours of the sellar and parasellar regions arising as embryonic malformations along the pathway of the craniopharyngeal duct.1 They have an incidence of 0.13 per 100,000 per year to 0.5–2.0 per million per year and are classified ...

Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy, and presentation as bilateral adrenal masses and acute adrenal insufficiency is even rarer. Due to the relative commonality of other causes for bilateral adrenal masses, such as metastases or infiltrative diseases, they take ...

Recent advances have bolstered the anticancer therapeutic armamentarium. However, despite the enhanced efficacy and better survival offered by these newer agents, side effects remain a source of concern.1 Gastrointestinal side effects, organ toxicities and dyselectrolytaemias are critical adverse consequences. Among ...

Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome (MeS or syndrome X) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moreover, the presence of MeS is an independent predictor of subsequent development of CKD, and MeS in patients with CKD predicts ...

Hyponatraemia is by far the most common electrolyte imbalance found in hospital inpatients,1 and patients with symptomatic hyponatraemia have a vastly increased mortality compared with normonatraemic controls.2 Therefore, it is essential that hyponatraemic patients receive effective and targeted therapy. However, ...

Welcome to the latest edition of European Endocrinology, where, as usual, you will find a broad spectrum of topics addressed in the selection of review articles contained within. The articles have been chosen due to their relevance to clinical practice, ...

Hyponatraemia is by far the most common electrolyte imbalance found in hospital inpatients,1 and patients with symptomatic hyponatraemia have a vastly increased mortality compared with normonatraemic controls.2 Therefore, it is essential that hyponatraemic patients receive effective and targeted therapy. However, ...