Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is a complex autoimmune disorder driven by an interplay of immune cells, orbital fibroblasts and tissue remodelling factors that lead to inflammation, oedema and, ultimately, potential vision loss.1 While the disease ...

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the efficacy of teprotumumab, a novel monoclonal antibody, in reducing proptosis for patients with long-duration thyroid eye disease (TED). While teprotumumab has shown promise in treating active TED, its effectiveness in chronic cases remained ...

Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...

Hyperthyroidism is a disease characterised by excess thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion from the thyroid gland. It is most frequently caused by Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goiter. Systemic complications involving the respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems, as well as ...

In children, hyperthyroidism occurs less commonly compared to hypothyroidism, yet it is far more symptomatic.1 Hyperthyroidism in children is mostly due to autoimmunity, predominantly as a result of Graves’ disease.2 Non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) is a rare cause of hyperthyroidism in ...

Moyamoya is a rare idiopathic cerebral vasculopathy characterized by stenosis of the terminal portion of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and the development of a thin collateral network of small vessels (“puff of smoke”), initially described as a primary disease ...

Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune Disease Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune Disease Although B lymphocytes are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease through autoantibody production,1 many recent studies of ...

Hyperthyroidism mainly affects the female population, occurring in around 2% of women and 0.2% of men.1 The majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have Graves’ disease (GD) and, less often, solitary toxic nodule or toxic multinodular goitre. Other causes of hyperthyroidism are ...

Functions of B Cells and Their Role in Autoimmune DiseaseAlthough B lymphocytes are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease through autoantibody production,1 many recent studies of B-cell function carried out in experimental animal models have shown that ...