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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multisystemic condition characterized by reproductive, metabolic and dermatologic manifestations, including hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Despite its prevalence and significant impact on quality of life, PCOS remains underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to its ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age and is characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation and insulin resistance (IR).1Â Women with PCOS have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidaemia, hypertension and ...
Dry eye disease (DED) is known as dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. According to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society’s Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II), it constitutes a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface, ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial, multifaceted syndrome that affects women across all ages from adolescence to post-menopause. It is reported to be the most common endocrinopathy in women of the reproductive age group.1Â The nature of this syndrome ...
Cushing’s disease (CD) is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma, or rarely carcinoma, and is considered a highly morbid endocrine disorder with few medical options.1,2 Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) is the mainstay of treatment for ...
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, or the supportive tissues around the tooth, which includes the gingival tissue, alveolar bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament.1Â Caused by pathogenic bacteria, this disease has been recognized for at least 5,000 ...
Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. In this issue we feature a range of articles to keep you up to date with the latest discussions and developments in the field of medical endocrinology. We start with an ...
Acromegaly is the clinical consequence of chronic excessive exposure of the tissues to growth hormone (GH) and its second messenger, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The excess GH secretion is almost exclusively secondary to a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (somatotropinomas); however, excess ...
Hypertension affects up to 40% of the adult population worldwide,1 and according to the World Health Organization’s 2021 estimates, globally 1.28 billion adults between 18 and 79 years are affected.2 Of these, 85% have essential hypertension3 and the remainder have secondary hypertension, which is potentially ...
The incidence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing.1,2 Growing evidence has demonstrated that youth-onset T2D is rapidly progressive, with earlier onset of life-limiting complications compared with adult-onset T2D.3,4Â Initiation of effective treatment that can restore beta ...
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a disease with a complex aetiopathogenesis that leads to a wide variety of metabolic disorders. This includes, by definition, high plasma glucose levels, but also elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiorenal complications and strokes. All of ...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of fatty liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).1 NAFLD is associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome.2 ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common disease, with an incidence of 5−21% in women during their fertile life (18–45 years of age) worldwide.1 PCOS is clinically diagnosed when two of the three 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria are met: (i) chronic anovulation ...
Depending on how it is defined, male hypogonadism affects between 10% and 30% of the male population and is often under-recognized and under-treated.1–3 It is defined by low sex hormone levels (<12 nmol/L or <300 ng/dL), which can affect multiple ...
Nutrient-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (known as either gastric inhibitory polypeptide or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) or glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), are secreted by K and L cells, respectively, in the upper segment of the small intestine and throughout the intestine. For ...
Obesity – a chronic, relapsing, progressive disease that is defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥27.5 kg/m2 in Asian populations and ≥30.0 kg/m2 in all other populations – is an epidemic that has spread across the world.1 Recent data from ...
The pandemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a growing concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries, which contribute to nearly 75% of the disease burden.1Â Indian patients with T2D constitute 1 in 6 adults with T2D globally, with marked ...
Obesity is a growing problem worldwide with extensive health and economic consequences, rendering interventions that encourage weight loss of great interest. Obesity is usually defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2Â or above, or 27.5 kg/m2Â or ...
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