Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance or distribution, characterized by serum sodium (Nas) levels less than 135 mmol/L.1 Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte disorder among elderly patients and is associated with increased mortality rates and longer hospital ...

Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...

Recent advances have bolstered the anticancer therapeutic armamentarium. However, despite the enhanced efficacy and better survival offered by these newer agents, side effects remain a source of concern.1 Gastrointestinal side effects, organ toxicities and dyselectrolytaemias are critical adverse consequences. Among ...

Hyponatraemia is by far the most common electrolyte imbalance found in hospital inpatients,1 and patients with symptomatic hyponatraemia have a vastly increased mortality compared with normonatraemic controls.2 Therefore, it is essential that hyponatraemic patients receive effective and targeted therapy. However, ...

Hyponatraemia is by far the most common electrolyte imbalance found in hospital inpatients,1 and patients with symptomatic hyponatraemia have a vastly increased mortality compared with normonatraemic controls.2 Therefore, it is essential that hyponatraemic patients receive effective and targeted therapy. However, ...

Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes-associated Retinal Dysfunctions Before the Onset of Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes-associated Retinal Dysfunctions Before the Onset of Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Abnormalities in both vascular and neuronal retinal functions in diabetes can be ...