US ENDOCRINE DISEASE – VOLUME 3 ISSUE 1 – SUMMER 2007

Resolution 61/225: ‘World Diabetes Day’ recognizes diabetes as a chronic, debilitating, and costly disease associated with major complications that pose severe risks for families, countries, and the entire world. It designates 14 November, the current World Diabetes Day, as a United Nations Day to be observed every year beginning in 2007. The Campaign for a […]

The epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the late 20th/early 21st centuries, and the recognition that achieving specific glycemic goals can substantially reduce morbidity, have made the effective treatment of hyperglycemia a top priority.1–3 Maintaining glycemic levels as close to the non-diabetic range as possible has been demonstrated to have a powerful beneficial impact on […]

Clinical Complexity of Type 2 Diabetes

We definitely have the personnel, tools, and resources to achieve our goals. Once the diagnosis of diabetes is established, we must provide a diabetic meal plan to achieve or approach desirable body weight. The rule of thumb to determine ideal body weight depends on the sex, height body frame, weight, and daily physical activity of […]

All insulin currently manufactured for therapeutic purposes in the US is made through recombinant DNA technology. Alterations to the basic human insulin molecule are made to alter its absorption profile but not affect its effect on the insulin receptor once the insulin reaches its target cell.2 This can be achieved by varying the amount of […]

The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) was a long-term treatment study evaluating the benefits of intensive glycemic control (the intervention group) and conventional therapy (the control group). In addition to establishing the benefits of better blood glucose and blood pressure control in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, it provided longitudinal data on the progression […]

Monitoring Devices Monitoring Devices Glucose meters have undergone many revisions over the years and have become easier and more convenient to operate. Understanding the numbers, and taking appropriate action, however, requires insight. Without proper training and support, the effectiveness of glucose testing may be hit or miss. It is common for patients to equate out-of-range […]

People with T2D will eventually need insulin therapy because oral agents fail over time. Although we have data spanning decades demonstrating that tight control of glucose decreases end organ damage from diabetes,2-4 initiation of insulin therapy is often delayed for years.5 It is a common perception that insulin represents the last therapeutic measure and should […]

On this basis it is not surprising that oxidative stress has been implicated in involved in diabetic complications entails the intracellular formation of AGEs. The augmented presence of glucose inside the cell originates reactive dicarbonyl molecules such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3- deoxyglucosone, which react with the aminic groups of proteins to form AGEs. The […]

Insulin has long been a therapy for controlling blood glucose in people with diabetes and is the most effective glucose-lowering agent available. This is because it can be continuously titrated until glycemic goals are met. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin replacement therapy from the onset of the disease and throughout their lives.

The most studied alternative-and the most clinically advanced-is the delivery of insulin via inhalation into the pulmonary system. The pulmonary route offers a number of advantages, the most prominent of which is that the highly vascularized alveolar surface is highly permeable to peptides, in contrast to the relatively impermeable upper airways. Furthermore, inhaled insulin provides […]

As inhaled insulin is a novel drug substance intended for chronic administration via a novel route, respiratory safety has been a cause of concern. Consequently, the respiratory safety of inhaled insulin has been studied extensively in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes populations. This brief review will examine the available safety data for inhaled […]

T2DM is a chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by defects in insulin secretion and insulin resistance.6 Current therapeutic approaches focus on improving insulin sensitivity or preserving/augmenting β-cell function, or both, with the goal of re-establishing normal glucose homeostasis.

There is an increased risk of bone fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. Some—although not all—studies have shown higher rates of fracture in people with type 2 diabetes compared with normal individuals. The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study showed that elderly white women with type 2 diabetes (but not elderly men […]

Diabetic nephropathy-characterized by hypertension, macro-albuminuria, progressive loss of renal function, and a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality-is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in the US.1-5 The predictive power of proteinuria for progressive renal function loss has been demonstrated in patients with and without diabetic nephropathy.6,7 It has been suggested, therefore, that […]

Cardiometabolic risk is particularly prevalent in patients diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome.

The Connection 

How to Evaluate the Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Diabetes? 

Wound Healing in Diabetes 

Hyperthyroidism mainly affects the female population, occurring in around 2% of women and 0.2% of men.1 The majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have Graves’ disease (GD) and, less often, solitary toxic nodule or toxic multinodular goitre. Other causes of hyperthyroidism are relatively rare and are summarised in Table 1.

Even now, estrogen remains the only therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. In multiple randomized trials, HT reduced the frequency and severity of hot flushes by 60% to 95%, with generally similar efficacy regardless of type of preparation or route of administration.5 Since HT is […]

The Menopause

Obtaining a Diagnosis of the Patient with Possible Polycystic Ovary SyndromeWhenever attempting to diagnose PCOS, it is important to define the population at high risk for having the syndrome. Women with unwanted hair growth7,8 or menstrual disturbances9,10 are highly likely to have PCOS.11,12

Hypogonadism

Physiology of Normal Penile Erection