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79 Results Found for “prolactin”
Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent cause for medical referrals to endocrinology departments. Markedly elevated prolactin levels are generally indicative of macroprolactinomas, whereas mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia may arise from physiological factors (such as exercise, sleep or stress), pharmacological agents, metabolic disturbances, ...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is generally defined as “any degree of glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy”.1 It currently is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity among pregnant women.2 Determining its prevalence has been a ...
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma originating from the germinal center, characterized by dysregulation of the MYC gene, often resulting from the translocation of chromosome 8 into 14. It is extremely aggressive, representing the fastest proliferating cancer, and typically involves ...
Cushing’s disease (CD), or pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, is almost always caused by corticotroph tumours, a type of pituitary neuroendocrine tumour, which overproduces adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), ultimately leading to hypercortisolism and its associated clinical consequences, including increased mortality.1 The ...
Pituitary tumours (PTs) are located in the sella turcica, which surrounds the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. PTs range from asymptomatic incidentalomas to symptomatic aggressive neoplasms, such as invasive neoplasms or pituitary carcinomas.1 Symptomatic lesions can be characterized either by hormonal overproduction ...
Hypothyroidism usually presents with subtle signs and symptoms. Rarely, longstanding juvenile hypothyroidism can manifest as a syndromic diagnosis of Van Wyk–Grumbach syndrome (VWGS).1 VWGS presents as early menarche, thelarche, galactorrhoea, delayed bone ageing and multi-cystic ovaries, along with long-standing ...
Clinicians depend on accurate, precise and reproducible hormone measurements for the diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders. Immunoassays have constituted one of the major methods of measuring hormone levels in blood, urine and other fluids, as well as in tissue ...
Acromegaly is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by an excess secretion of growth hormone, and consequently, increased circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. These patients typically exhibit acral and soft tissue overgrowth, headache, arthritis and visual disturbances. Impaired glucose tolerance ...
Immune checkpoints are small molecules that are present on the cell surface of T lymphocytes to regulate the immune response. While some of these molecules enhance the stimulatory signals, others boost the inhibitory signals to blunt the activity of T ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous androgen-excess disorder that presents with different degrees of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions; it is also associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.1 The global prevalence estimates of PCOS in women of reproductive age ...
The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer has been revolutionary, opening a new era in the fight against cancer. The principle of immunotherapy involves using pharmacotherapy to harness the power of the body’s own immune system to ...
The estimation of lipid parameters has traditionally been carried out in the fasting state, without definitive evidence to suggest that this is superior to assessing them in the post-prandial period in terms of predicting metabolic outcomes and cardiovascular risk.1 Post-prandial ...
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy, and presentation as bilateral adrenal masses and acute adrenal insufficiency is even rarer. Due to the relative commonality of other causes for bilateral adrenal masses, such as metastases or infiltrative diseases, they take ...
The role of testosterone is well established in health and disease.1 Testosterone is known to mediate physical, mental and reproductive health. Its role has been discussed in gender-specific variations related to conditions as diverse as cardiovascular, autoimmune, psychiatric and oncological ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is a heterogeneous androgen-excess disorder with different degrees of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions.1 Thyroid disorders are also quite common and are among the most common endocrine ...
McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS) is a genetic disorder first described by McCune1 and Albright2 in the 1930s as a triad of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, café-au-lait spots, and precocious puberty (Figure 1). Since then, other hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies have been described in ...
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is the ‘master gland’ that secretes multiple hormones which regulate the functioning of other endocrine organs, such as the thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads. Though none of the major pituitary hormones directly control the endocrine ...
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant endocrine tumour syndrome characterised by three main manifestations which are primary hyperparathyroidism (78–94%), gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) (35–78%) and pituitary adenomas (20–65%).1 As described, GEP-NETs are the second most common component of MEN1 syndrome ...
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